Short essay from Introduce to phycology

Short essay from Introduce to phycology
A ncie n t H is to ry S ourc eb ook: Jo sep hus ( 3 7- a fte r 9 3 C E): The R om an A rm y in t h e F ir s t C en tu ry C E le g acy.f o rd ham .e d u /H als a ll/ a ncie nt/jo se phus-w arb .a sp Book 3 : C hap te r 5 : D ESC RIP TIO N O F T H E R O M AN A RM IE S A ND R O M AN CAM PS 1. N O W h ere o ne c a nnot b ut a dm ir e a t th e p re ca utio n o f th e R om ans, in p ro vid in g th em se lv e s of s u ch h ouse hold s e rv a nts , a s m ig ht n ot only s e rv e a t o th er tim es fo r th e c o m mon o ffic e s o f lif e , b ut mig ht a ls o b e o f a dva nta ge to th em in th eir w ars . A nd, in deed, if a ny o ne d oes b ut atte nd to th e o th er p arts o f th eir m ilit a ry dis cip lin e, h e w ill b e fo rc e d to c o nfe ss th at th eir obta in in g so la rg e a d om in io n h ath b een th e a cq uis it io n o f th eir v a lo r, and n ot th e b are g if t o f fo rtu ne; fo r th ey d o n ot b egin to u se th eir w eapons fir s t in tim e o f w ar, n or d o th ey th en p ut th eir hands fir s t in to m otio n, w hile th ey a vo id ed s o to d o in tim es of p eace ; b ut, a s if th eir w eapons did a lw ays c lin g to th em , th ey have n eve r a ny tr u ce fr o m w arlik e e xe rc is e s; n or d o th ey s ta y till tim es o f w ar a dm onis h th em to u se th em ; fo r th eir m ilit a ry exe rc is e s d if fe r n ot a t a ll fr o m th e re al u se o f th eir a rm s, b ut eve ry s o ld ie r is e ve ry d ay e xe rc is e d, a nd th at w it h g re at d ilig ence , as if it w ere in tim e o f w ar, w hic h is th e r e aso n w hy th ey b ear th e fa tig ue o f b attle s s o e asily ; fo r n eit h er c a n a ny d is o rd er re m ove th em fr o m th eir u su al r e gula rit y , n or c a n fe ar a ffr ig ht th em out o f it , n or c a n la bor tir e th em ; w hic h fir m ness o f c o nduct make s th em a lw ays to o ve rc o m e th ose th at h ave n ot th e s a m e fir m ness; nor w ould h e b e m is ta ke n th at s h ould c a ll th ose th eir exe rc is e s unblo ody b attle s, a nd th eir b attle s b lo ody e xe rc is e s. N or c a n th eir e nem ie s e asily su rp ris e th em w it h th e s u ddenness o f th eir in cu rs io ns; fo r a s s o on a s th ey h ave m arc h ed in to an e nem y’s la nd, th ey d o n ot b egin to fig ht till th ey h ave w alle d th eir c a m p a bout; nor is th e fe nce th ey r a is e r a sh ly m ade, o r u neve n; n or d o th ey all a bid e ill it , n or d o th ose th at a re in it ta ke th eir p la ce s at r a ndom ; b ut if it h appens th at th e g ro und is u neve n, it is fir s t le ve le d: th eir ca m p is a ls o fo ur-s q uare b y m easu re , a nd ca rp ente rs a re r e ady, in g re at n um bers , w it h th eir to ols , to e re ct th eir b uild in gs fo r th em . 2. A s fo r w hat is w it h in th e c a m p, it is s e t a part fo r te nts , but th e o utw ard c ir c u m fe re nce h ath th e r e se m bla nce to a w all, and is a dorn ed w it h to w ers a t e qual d is ta nce s, w here b etw een th e to w ers s ta nd th e e ngin es fo r th ro w in g a rro w s a nd d arts , a nd fo r slin gin g s to nes, a nd w here th ey la y a ll o th er e ngin es th at c a n annoy th e e nem y, a ll r e ady fo r th eir s e ve ra l o pera tio ns. They als o e re ct fo ur g ate s, o ne a t e ve ry s id e o f th e c ir c u m fe re nce , and th ose la rg e e nough fo r th e e ntr a nce o f th e b easts , a nd w id e enough fo r m akin g e xcu rs io ns, if o cca sio n s h ould re quir e . T hey div id e th e c a m p w it h in in to s tr e ets , v e ry c o nve nie ntly , a nd p la ce th e te nts o f th e co m manders in th e m id dle ; b ut in th e v e ry m id st of a ll is th e g enera l’s o w n te nt, in th e n atu re o f a te m ple , in so m uch , th at it a ppears to b e a c it y b uilt o n th e s u dden, w it h it s m ark e t- p la ce , and pla ce fo r h andic ra ft tr a des, a nd w it h s e ats fo r th e o ffic e rs su perio r a nd in fe rio r, w here , if a ny dif fe re nce s a ris e , th eir ca use s a re h eard a nd d ete rm in ed. T he c a m p, a nd a ll th at is in it , is enco m passe d w it h a w all r o und a bout, a nd th at s o oner th an one w ould im agin e, a nd th is b y th e m ult it u de a nd th e s kill o f th e la bore rs ; a nd, if o cca sio n r e quir e , a tr e nch is d ra w n r o und th e whole , w hose d epth is fo ur c u bit s , a nd it s b re adth e qual. 3. W hen th ey h ave th us s e cu re d th em se lv e s, th ey liv e to geth er by c o m panie s, w it h q uie tn ess and d ece ncy, a s a re a ll th eir o th er affa ir s m anaged w it h g ood o rd er a nd s e cu rit y . E ach co m pany h ath als o th eir w ood, a nd th eir c o rn , a nd th eir w ate r b ro ught th em , when th ey s ta nd 1/4 in n eed o f th em ; fo r th ey n eit h er s u p n or d in e as th ey p le ase th em se lv e s s in gly , b ut a ll to geth er. T heir tim es als o fo r s le epin g, a nd w atc h in g, a nd r is in g a re n otif ie d b efo re hand by th e so und o f tr u m pets , n or is a ny th in g d one w it h out s u ch a sig nal; a nd in th e m orn in g th e s o ld ie ry go e ve ry o ne to th eir ce ntu rio ns, a nd th ese c e ntu rio ns to th eir tr ib unes, to s a lu te th em ; w it h whom a ll th e s u perio r o ffic e rs g o to th e g enera l o f th e w hole a rm y, w ho th en g iv e s th em o f co urs e th e w atc h w ord a nd oth er o rd ers , to b e b y th em c a re d to a ll th at a re u nder th eir co m mand; w hic h is a ls o o bse rv e d w hen th ey g o to fig ht, a nd th ere by th ey tu rn th em se lv e s about o n th e s u dden, w hen th ere is o cca sio n fo r m akin g s a llie s, a s th ey c o m e b ack w hen th ey are r e ca lle d in cro w ds a ls o . 4. N ow w hen th ey a re to g o o ut o f th eir c a m p, th e tr u m pet g iv e s a s o und, a t w hic h tim e n obody lie s s till, b ut a t th e fir s t in tim atio n th ey ta ke d ow n th eir te nts , a nd a ll is m ade r e ady fo r th eir goin g out; th en d o th e tr u m pets s o und a gain , to o rd er th em to g et r e ady fo r th e m arc h ; th en d o th ey la y th eir b aggage s u ddenly u pon th eir mule s, a nd o th er b easts o f b urd en, a nd s ta nd, a s at th e p la ce of s ta rtin g, r e ady to m arc h ; w hen a ls o th ey s e t fir e to th eir ca m p, a nd th is th ey d o beca use it w ill b e e asy fo r th em to e re ct anoth er c a m p, a nd th at it m ay n ot e ve r b e o f u se to th eir e nem ie s. Then d o th e tr u m pets g iv e a s o und th e th ir d tim e, th at th ey a re to g o o ut, in ord er to e xcit e th ose th at o n a ny a cco unt a re a lit tle ta rd y, th at s o n o o ne m ay b e o ut o f h is ra nk w hen th e a rm y marc h es. T hen d oes th e c rie r s ta nd a t th e g enera l’s r ig ht h and, and a sks th em th ric e , in th eir o w n to ngue, w heth er th ey b e n ow re ady to g o o ut to w ar o r n ot? T o w hic h th ey r e ply a s o fte n, w it h a lo ud a nd c h eerfu l v o ic e , s a yin g, ” W e a re r e ady.” A nd th is th ey d o alm ost b efo re th e q uestio n is a ske d th em : th ey d o th is a s fille d w it h a k in d o f m artia l fu ry , a nd at th e s a m e tim e th at th ey s o c ry o ut, th ey lif t u p th eir r ig ht h ands a ls o . 5. W hen, a fte r th is , th ey a re g one o ut o f th eir c a m p, th ey a ll marc h w it h out n ois e , a nd in a dece nt m anner, a nd e ve ry o ne k e eps his o w n r a nk, a s if th ey w ere g oin g to w ar. T he fo otm en are a rm ed wit h b re astp la te s a nd h ead-p ie ce s, a nd h ave s w ord s o n e ach s id e; but th e s w ord whic h is u pon th eir le ft s id e is m uch lo nger th an th e o th er, fo r th at o n th e r ig ht s id e is n ot lo nger th an a s p an. Those fo ot- m en a ls o th at a re c h ose n o ut fr o m th e r e st to b e a bout th e genera l h im se lf h ave a la nce a nd a b uckle r, b ut th e r e st o f th e fo ot s o ld ie rs h ave a s p ear a nd a lo ng b uckle r, b esid es a s a w and a b aske t, a p ic k-a xe a nd a n a xe , a th ong o f le ath er a nd a hook, w it h p ro vis io ns fo r th re e d ays, s o th at a fo otm an h ath n o gre at n eed o f a m ule to c a rry his b urd ens. T he h ors e m en h ave a lo ng s w ord o n th eir r ig ht s id es, a xe d a lo ng p ole in th eir hand; a s h ie ld a ls o lie s b y th em o bliq uely o n o ne s id e o f th eir h ors e s, wit h th re e o r m ore d arts th at a re b orn e in th eir q uiv e r, h avin g bro ad p oin ts , a nd n ot s m alle r th an s p ears . T hey h ave als o h ead-p ie ce s and b re astp la te s, in lik e m anner a s h ave a ll th e fo otm en. A nd fo r th ose th at are c h ose n to b e a bout th e g enera l, th eir a rm or no w ay d if fe rs fr o m th at o f th e h ors e m en belo ngin g to o th er tr o ops; and h e a lw ays le ads th e le gio ns fo rth to w hom th e lo t a ssig ns th at em plo ym ent. 6. T his is th e m anner o f th e m arc h in g a nd r e stin g o f th e R om ans, as a ls o th ese a re th e s e ve ra l so rts o f w eapons th ey u se . B ut w hen th ey a re to fig ht, th ey le ave n oth in g w it h out fo re ca st, n or to be d one o ff- h and, b ut c o unse l is e ve r fir s t ta ke n b efo re a ny w ork is b egun, a nd w hat h ath been th ere r e so lv e d u pon is p ut in e xe cu tio n pre se ntly ; fo r w hic h r e aso n th ey s e ld om c o m mit any e rro rs ; a nd if th ey h ave b een m is ta ke n a t a ny tim e, th ey e asily c o rre ct th ose mis ta ke s. They a ls o e ste em a ny e rro rs th ey c o m mit u pon ta kin g co unse l b efo re hand to b e b ette r th an su ch r a sh s u cce ss a s is o w in g to fo rtu ne o nly ; b eca use s u ch a fo rtu it o us a dva nta ge te m pts th em to b e in co nsid era te , w hile c o nsu lt a tio n, th ough it m ay s o m etim es fa il o f s u cce ss, h ath th is g ood in it , th at it m ake s m en m ore ca re fu l h ere afte r; b ut fo r th e a dva nta ges th at a ris e fr o m ch ance , th ey a re n ot o w in g to h im th at g ain s th em ; a nd a s to w hat m ela nch oly accid ents happen u nexp ecte dly , th ere is th is c o m fo rt in th em , th at th ey h ad h ow eve r ta ke n th e b est co nsu lt a tio ns th ey c o uld to p re ve nt th em . 7. N ow th ey s o m anage th eir p re para to ry e xe rc is e s o f th eir w eapons, th at n ot th e b odie s o f th e so ld ie rs o nly , b ut th eir s o uls m ay als o b eco m e s tr o nger: th ey a re m ore ove r h ard ened fo r w ar 2/4 by fe ar; fo r th eir la w s in flic t c a pit a l p unis h m ents , n ot o nly fo r s o ld ie rs ru nnin g a w ay fr o m th e ra nks, b ut fo r s lo th fu ln ess a nd in activ it y , th ough it b e b ut in a le sse r d egre e; a s a re th eir genera ls m ore se ve re th an th eir la w s, fo r th ey p re ve nt a ny im puta tio n o f c ru elt y to w ard th ose under c o ndem natio n, b y th e g re at r e w ard s th ey b esto w on th e v a lia nt s o ld ie rs ; a nd th e re adin ess o f o beyin g th eir c o m manders is s o g re at, th at it is v e ry o rn am enta l in p eace ; b ut when th ey co m e to a b attle , th e w hole a rm y is b ut o ne b ody, s o w ell c o uple d to geth er a re th eir ra nks, s o s u dden a re th eir tu rn in gs a bout, so s h arp th eir h earin g a s to w hat o rd ers a re g iv e n th em , s o q uic k th eir s ig ht o f th e e nsig ns, a nd s o n im ble a re th eir h ands w hen th ey s e t to w ork ; where by it c o m es to p ass th at w hat th ey d o is done q uic kly , a nd w hat th ey s u ffe r th ey b ear wit h th e g re ate st patie nce . N or c a n w e fin d a ny e xa m ple s w here th ey h ave b een c o nquere d in battle , w hen th ey c a m e to a c lo se fig ht, e it h er b y th e m ult it u de of th e e nem ie s, o r b y th eir str a ta gem s, o r b y th e d if fic u lt ie s in th e p la ce s th ey w ere in ; n o, n or b y fo rtu ne n eit h er, fo r th eir vic to rie s h ave b een s u re r to th em th an fo rtu ne c o uld h ave g ra nte d th em . In a c a se , th ere fo re , where c o unse l s till g oes b efo re a ctio n, and w here , a fte r ta kin g th e b est a dvic e , th at a dvic e is fo llo w ed by s o a ctiv e a n a rm y, w hat w onder is it th at E uphra te s o n th e east, th e o ce an o n th e west, th e m ost fe rtile r e gio ns o f L ib ya on th e s o uth , a nd th e D anube a nd th e R hin e o n th e north , a re th e lim it s o f th is e m pir e ? O ne m ig ht w ell s a y th at th e R om an p osse ssio ns are n ot in fe rio r to th e R om ans th em se lv e s. 8. T his a cco unt I h ave g iv e n th e r e ader, n ot s o m uch w it h th e in te ntio n o f c o m mendin g th e Rom ans, a s o f c o m fo rtin g th ose th at have b een c o nquere d b y th em , a nd fo r th e d ete rrin g oth ers fr o m atte m ptin g in nova tio ns u nder th eir g ove rn m ent. T his d is co urs e of th e R om an milit a ry c o nduct m ay a ls o p erh aps b e o f u se to s u ch of th e c u rio us a s a re ig nora nt o f it , a nd y e t have a m in d to k n ow it . I r e tu rn n ow fr o m th is d ig re ssio n. Book 3 : C hap te r 6 : T he A rm y o n t h e M arc h 2. B ut a s V esp asia n h ad a g re at m in d to fa ll u pon G alile e, h e marc h ed o ut o f P to le m ais , havin g p ut h is a rm y in to th at o rd er where in th e R om ans u se d to m arc h . H e o rd ere d th ose auxilia rie s whic h w ere lig htly a rm ed, a nd th e a rc h ers , to m arc h fir s t, th at th ey m ig ht p re ve nt any s u dden in su lt s fr o m th e e nem y, a nd m ig ht se arc h o ut th e w oods th at lo oke d s u sp ic io usly , and w ere c a pable of a m busca des. N ext to th ese fo llo w ed th at p art o f th e R om ans whic h w as co m ple te ly a rm ed, b oth fo otm en ,a nd h ors e m en. N ext to th ese fo llo w ed te n o ut o f e ve ry hundre d, c a rry in g a lo ng w it h th em th eir a rm s, a nd w hat w as n ece ssa ry to m easu re o ut a ca m p w it h al; and a fte r th em , s u ch a s w ere to m ake th e r o ad e ve n a nd s tr a ig ht, and if it w ere any w here r o ugh a nd h ard to b e p asse d o ve r, to pla ne it , a nd to c u t d ow n th e w oods th at hin dere d th eir m arc h , th at th e a rm y m ig ht n ot b e in d is tr e ss, o r tir e d w it h th eir m arc h . Behin d th ese h e s e t s u ch c a rria ges o f th e a rm y a s b elo nged b oth to h im se lf a nd to th e o th er co m manders , w it h a c o nsid era ble n um ber of th eir h ors e m en fo r th eir s e cu rit y . A fte r th ese h e marc h ed h im se lf , havin g w it h h im a s e le ct b ody o f fo otm en, a nd h ors e m en, a nd p ik e m en. Afte r th ese c a m e th e p ecu lia r c a va lr y o f h is o w n le gio n, fo r th ere were a h undre d a nd tw enty hors e m en th at p ecu lia rly b elo nged to eve ry le gio n. N ext to th ese c a m e th e m ule s th at c a rrie d th e e ngin es fo r s ie ges, a nd th e o th er w arlik e m ach in es o f th at n atu re . A fte r th ese c a m e th e co m manders o f th e c o horts a nd tr ib unes, h avin g about th em s o ld ie rs c h ose n o ut o f th e r e st. Then c a m e th e e nsig ns enco m passin g th e e agle , w hic h is a t th e h ead o f e ve ry R om an le gio n, th e k in g, a nd th e s tr o ngest o f a ll b ir d s, w hic h s e em s to th em a s ig nal o f d om in io n, a nd a n om en th at th ey s h all c o nquer a ll again st w hom th ey m arc h ; th ese s a cre d e nsig ns a re fo llo w ed by th e tr u m pete rs . T hen c a m e th e m ain a rm y in th eir s q uadro ns a nd batta lio ns, w it h s ix m en in d epth , w hic h w ere fo llo w ed a t la st by a c e ntu rio n, w ho, a cco rd in g to c u sto m , o bse rv e d th e re st. A s fo r th e s e rv a nts o f e ve ry le gio n, th ey a ll fo llo w ed th e fo otm en, and le d th e b aggage o f th e s o ld ie rs , w hic h w as b orn e b y th e m ule s and o th er b easts o f b urd en. B ut b ehin d a ll th e le gio ns c a rn e th e whole m ult it u de o f th e m erc e narie s; a nd th ose th at b ro ught u p th e r e ar c a m e la st o f a ll fo r th e s e cu rit y o f th e w hole a rm y, bein g b oth fo otm en, a nd th ose in th eir a rm or a ls o , wit h a g re at num ber o f h ors e m en. 3/4 Sourc e : Fla viu s J o se phus: The J e w is h W ar . III.5 -6 , tr a ns. W illia m Whis to n. C om ple te w ork s o f Jo se phus o nlin e a t C CEL – http ://c ce l. w heato n.e du/j/ jo se phus/J O SEPH US.H TM This te xt is p art o f th e In te rn et A ncie nt H is to ry S ourc e book . The S ourc e book is a c o lle ctio n o f public d om ain a nd c o py-p erm it te d te xts r e la te d to m edie va l a nd B yza ntin e h is to ry . Unle ss o th erw is e in dic a te d th e s p ecif ic e le ctr o nic fo rm o f th e docu m ent is c o pyrig ht. Perm is sio n is g ra nte d fo r e le ctr o nic c o pyin g, dis tr ib utio n in p rin t fo rm fo r e duca tio nal p urp ose s and p ers o nal use . N o r e pre se nta tio n is m ade a bout te xts w hic h a re lin ke d o ff- s it e , alt h ough in most c a se s th ese a re a ls o p ublic d om ain . If y o u d o re duplic a te th e d ocu m ent, in dic a te th e so urc e . N o p erm is sio n is gra nte d fo r c o m merc ia l u se . © P aul H als a ll M ay 1 998 hals a [email protected] murra y.fo rd ham .e du 4/4
Short essay from Introduce to phycology
S im a Q ia n hum an is tic te xts .o rg /s im aqia n.h tm I n tr o ductio n S im a Q ia n ( a bout 1 45- 9 0 B C E), o r S si- m a C h’ie n, in herit e d fr o m h is fa th er th e p osit io n o f g ra nd h is to ria n to th e E m pero r, w hic h h ad b een a p osit io n la rg ely c o nce rn ed w it h k e epin g a str o nom ic a l r e co rd s. H ow eve r, S im a Q ia n a ls o t o ok o n a n a m bit io us p ro je ct s ta rte d b y h is fa th er— pro ductio n o f th e fir s t fu ll h is to ry o f C hin a. T his b ro ad r a ngin g w ork e xte ndin g o ve r 1 30 c h apte rs is n ot in h is to ric a l s e quence b ut d iv id ed in to p artic u la r s u bje cts , in clu din g a nnals , c h ro nic le s, tr e atis e s— on m usic , c e re m onie s, c a le ndars , r e lig io n, e co nom ic s— and e xte nded b io gra phie s. In th is w ay, th e Shih c h i , o r Reco rd s o f th e H is to ria n , c o ve rs th e p erio d fr o m th e F iv e S ages o f p re his to ric tim es, th ro ugh t h e X ia , S hang, Z hou, a nd Q in d yn astie s to th e H an d yn asty o f S im a Q ia n’s o w n tim e. T he Z hou d yn asty , p ro bably f o unded ju st b efo re 1 ,0 00 B C E, r e pre se nts th e b egin nin g o f th e h is to ric p erio d a nd h as p ro vid ed a rc h eolo gic a l e vid ence th at c o nfir m s s o m e o f S im a Q ia n’s h is to ry . T he e xtr a cts g iv e h ere a re ta ke n fr o m th e a nnals o f th e Q in d yn asty ( 2 21-2 06 B C E) a nd fr o m th e b io gra phic a l c h apte r o n th e F ir s t E m pero r. T his e m pero r u nif ie d C hin a, b uilt th e G re at W all, o rd ere d th e b urn in g o f b ooks, a nd w as r e sp onsib le fo r th e a rm y o f lif e -s iz e te rra co tta fig ure s d is co ve re d n ear h is m auso le um . S im a Q in p re se nts u s w it h h is to ric a l fa cts , w it h th e E m pero r’s o w n a cco unt o f h is r e ig n, a nd w it h a c o m menta ry b y a H an s ta te sm an, J ia Y i, in th e S eco nd C entu ry B C E. In th is w ay h e s h ow s h ow d if fe re nt v ie w s o f h is to ry m ay e m erg e a nd h ow a r u le r’s c la im s s h ould b e v ie w ed w it h s o m e s u sp ic io n. S im a Q ia n m ade th e p olit ic a l m is ta ke o f s e ekin g to in te rc e de fo r a g enera l w ho h ad lo st a b attle w hen fa ce d b y o ve rw helm in g fo rc e s. T his o ffe nded th e H an E m pero r W u, w ho s e nte nce d S im a Q ia n to c a str a tio n. S uch a s e nte nce w as c a lc u la te d to c a use a n h onora ble s u ic id e. S im a Q ia n, h ow eve r, a cce pte d th e p unis h m ent a nd c o nse quent d is g ra ce in o rd er to fin is h h is h is to ry , a s h e e xp la in ed in a le tte r to a fr ie nd. W e a re in debte d to S im a Q ia n fo r m ost o f th e h is to ry w e h ave o f e arly C hin a a nd fo r h is d em onstr a tio n th at s o m e th in gs a re m ore im porta nt th an p ers o nal h onor. 1 B en efit s o f U nif ic atio n o f C hin a T hus th e e m pir e w as d iv id ed in to th ir ty -s ix p ro vin ce s, e ach p ro vin ce p ro vid ed w it h a g ove rn or, a m ilit a ry c o m mandant, a nd a s u perin te ndent. T he c o m mon p eople w ere r e nam ed ” b la ck-h eaded o nes”. T here w as g re at f e astin g. W eapons fr o m a ll o ve r th e e m pir e w ere c o nfis ca te d, b ro ught to X ia nya ng, a nd m elt e d d ow n to b e u se d in 1/6 c a stin g b ells , b ell s ta nds, a nd tw elv e m en m ade o f m eta l. T hese la st w eig hed 6 0 m etr ic to ns e ach a nd w ere s e t u p i n th e p ala ce . A ll w eig hts a nd m easu re s w ere s ta ndard iz e d, th e g auge o f w heele d v e hic le s w as m ade u nif o rm , a nd t h e w rit in g s yste m w as s ta ndard iz e d. S im a Q ia n , T he B asic A nnals o f Q in 2 T he E m pero r o n h is T re atm en t o f h is P eo ple The m erit o f th e A ugust E m pero r lie s in d ilig ently fo ste rin g b asic c o nce rn s, exa lt in g a gric u lt u re , a bolis h in g le sse r o ccu patio ns, s o th e b la ck-h eaded p eople m ay b e r ic h . All u nder h eave n a re o f o ne m in d, s in gle in w ill. Weig hts a nd m easu re s h ave a s in gle s ta ndard , w ord s a re w rit te n in a u nif o rm w ay. Where ve r s u n a nd m oon s h in e, w here s h ip s a nd w heele d v e hic le s b ear c a rg o, all fu lf ill th eir a llo tte d y e ars , n one d o n ot a tta in th eir g oal. To in it ia te p ro je cts in s e aso n— su ch is th e A ugust E m pero r’s w ay. He r e ctif ie s d iv e rs e c u sto m s, c ro ssin g r iv e rs , tr a ve rs in g th e la nd. He p it ie s th e b la ck-h eaded p eople , m orn in g a nd e ve nin g n eve r n egle ctfu l. He e ra se s d oubt a nd e sta blis h es la w s, s o a ll w ill k n ow w hat to s h un. Loca l o ffic ia ls h ave th eir r e sp ectiv e d utie s; o rd er is a ch ie ve d w it h e ase . Decis io ns a re c e rta in to b e ju st, n one n ot c le ar a s a d ra w in g. The A ugust E m pero r in h is e nlig hte nm ent s cru tin iz e s th e fo ur q uarte rs . Sim a Q ia n : The E m pero r’s S to ne In scrip tio n, L an gya T e rra ce 3 D estr u ctio n o f H is to ry a n d F re e S peech ” N ow th e A ugust E m pero r h as u nif ie d a ll u nder h eave n, d is tin guis h in g b la ck fr o m w hit e a nd e sta blis h in g a s in gle s o urc e o f a uth orit y . Y et th e a dhere nts o f p riv a te th eorie s b and to geth er to c rit ic iz e th e la w s a nd d ir e ctiv e s. H earin g t h at a n o rd er h as b een h anded d ow n, e ach o ne p ro ce eds to d is cu ss it in th e lig ht o f h is o w n th eorie s. A t c o urt th ey 2/6 d is a ppro ve in th eir h earts ; o uts id e th ey d ebate it in th e s tr e ets . T hey h old it a m ark o f fa m e to d efy th e r u le r, r e gard it a s lo fty to ta ke a d is se ntin g s ta nce , a nd th ey le ad th e le sse r o ffic ia ls in fa bric a tin g s la nder. If b ehavio r s u ch a s th is is n ot p ro hib it e d, th en in u pper c ir c le s th e a uth orit y o f th e r u le r w ill b e c o m pro m is e d, a nd in lo w er o nes c liq ues w ill f o rm . T here fo re it s h ould b e p ro hib it e d. ” I th ere fo re r e quest th at a ll r e co rd s o f th e h is to ria ns o th er th an th ose o f th e s ta te o f Q in b e b urn ed. W it h th e e xce ptio n o f th e a ca dem ic ia ns w hose d uty it is to p osse ss th em , if th ere a re p ers o ns a nyw here in th e e m pir e w ho h ave in th eir p osse ssio n c o pie s o f th e Odes, th e Docu m ents , or th e w rit in gs o f th e h undre d s ch ools o f p hilo so phy, t h ey s h all in a ll c a se s d eliv e r th em to th e g ove rn or o r h is c o m mandant fo r b urn in g. A nyo ne w ho v e ntu re s to d is cu ss t h e Odes or Docu m ents sh all b e e xe cu te d in th e m ark e tp la ce . A nyo ne w ho u se s a ntiq uit y to c rit ic iz e th e p re se nt s h all b e e xe cu te d a lo ng w it h h is fa m ily . A ny o ffic ia l w ho o bse rv e s o r k n ow s o f v io la tio ns a nd fa ils to r e port th em s h all b e e qually g uilt y . A nyo ne w ho h as fa ile d to b urn s u ch b ooks w it h in th ir ty d ays o f th e p ro m ulg atio n o f th is o rd er s h all b e s u bje cte d to ta tto o a nd c o ndem ned to ‘w all d aw n’ [c o nvic t] la bor. T he b ooks th at a re to b e e xe m pte d a re th ose o n m edic in e, d iv in atio n, a gric u lt u re , a nd fo re str y . A nyo ne w is h in g to s tu dy th e la w s a nd o rd in ance s s h ould h ave a la w o ffic ia l fo r h is te ach er. ” A n im peria l d ecre e g ra nte d a ppro va l o f th e p ro posa l. S im a Q ia n : C han cello r L i S i’s A dvic e, B io gra p hy o f t h e F ir s t E m pero r 4 T he S earc h f o r Im morta lit y M aste r L u s a id to th e F ir s t E m pero r, ” I a nd th e o th ers h ave s e arc h ed fo r zh i fu ngus, r a re h erb s, a nd th e im morta ls , b ut w e c a n n eve r s e em to e nco unte r th em . T here w ould a ppear to b e s o m e e ntit y th at is b lo ckin g u s. T he m agic a rts t e ach th at th e r u le r o f m en s h ould a t tim es m ove a bout in s e cre t s o a s to a vo id e vil s p ir it s . If e vil ‘s p ir it s a re a vo id ed, o ne c a n r e ach th e s ta tu s o f T ru e M an. If th e w here abouts o f th e r u le r o f m en a re k n ow n to h is m in is te rs , th is h in ders h is s p ir it u al p ow er. A T ru e M an c a n e nte r w ate r w it h out g ettin g w et, e nte r fir e w it h out g ettin g b urn ed, s o ar o ve r th e c lo uds a nd a ir , a nd e ndure a s lo ng a s h eave n a nd e arth . B ut n ow Y our M aje sty , th ough r u lin g th e w hole w orld , h as n ot y e t b een a ble to a tta in c a lm a nd q uie tu de. W hen y o u a re in th e p ala ce , d o n ot le t o th ers k n ow w here y o u a re . O nce th at is d one, I b elie ve th at th e h erb s o f im morta lit y c a n b e o bta in ed.” T he e m pero r s a id , ” I lo ng to b eco m e a T ru e M an. F ro m n ow o n I w ill r e fe r to m yse lf a s T ru e M an a nd w ill n ot c a ll m yse lf zh en.” H e th en h ad e le va te d w alk s a nd w alle d r o ads b uilt to c o nnect a ll th e 2 70 p ala ce s a nd s ce nic to w ers s it u ate d w it h in th e 7 0 m ile envir o ns o f X ia nya ng. H e fille d th e p ala ce s w it h c u rta in s a nd h angin gs, b ells a nd d ru m s, a nd b eautif u l w om en, e ach a ssig ned to a p artic u la r p ost a nd fo rb id den to m ove a bout. A nyo ne r e ve alin g w here th e e m pero r w as v is it in g a t a ny p artic u la r m om ent w as p ut to d eath . T he F ir s t E m pero r v is it e d th e p ala ce a t M t. L ia ng a nd h appened to lo ok d ow n fr o m th e m ounta in a nd o bse rv e th e c a rria ges, o utr id ers , a nd a tte ndants o f th e c h ance llo r. H e w as n ot p le ase d. O ne o f th e e unuch s r e porte d th is to th e c h ance llo r, w ho th ere afte r r e duce d th e n um ber o f h is c a rria ges a nd o utr id ers . T he F ir s t E m pero r w as fu rio us, s a yin g, ” S om eone a m ong th e e unuch s is le akin g w ord o f w hat I s a y!” H e e xa m in ed th e e unuch s, b ut n one w ould c o nfe ss to th e c rim e. H e th en o rd ere d th e a rre st o f a ll th ose w ho h ad b een in a tte ndance , a nd h ad e ve ry o ne p ut to d eath . F ro m th at tim e o n, n o o ne k n ew w here h e w as w hen h e w as a bse nt fr o m th e p ala ce . W heneve r h e lis te ned to r e ports o r p asse d o n d ecis io ns to h is o ffic ia ls , it w as a lw ays d one a t th e p ala ce in X ia nya ng. Sim a Q ia n , Bio gra p hy o f t h e F ir s t E m pero r 3/6 5 T he S ch ola r’s P lo t M aste r H ou a nd M aste r L u p lo tte d to geth er, s a yin g, ” T he F ir s t E m pero r is b y n atu re o bstin ate , c ru el, a nd s e lf – w ille d. H e r o se u p fr o m a m ong th e fe udal r u le rs to u nit e th e e ntir e e m pir e , a nd n ow th at h e h as a ch ie ve d h is e nds a nd f u lf ille d h is d esir e s, h e b elie ve s th at th ere h as n eve r b een a nyo ne lik e h im s in ce r e m ote a ntiq uit y . ” H e e ntr u sts e ve ry th in g to th e la w o ffic ia ls , a nd th e la w o ffic ia ls a lo ne a re a llo w ed in to h is p re se nce . A lt h ough s e ve nty m en h ave b een a ppoin te d a s a ca dem ic ia ns, th ey a re m ere fig ure heads a nd a re n eve r c o nsu lt e d. T he c h ance llo r a nd th e o th er m ajo r o ffic ia ls a re a ll h anded d ecis io ns th at h ave a lr e ady b een m ade, a nd th ey s im ply s e co nd th e e m pero r’s o pin io n. T he e m pero r d elig hts in s h ow in g h is a uth orit y b y p unis h in g a nd k illin g, a nd e ve ry o ne t h ro ughout th e e m pir e d re ads p unis h m ent a nd tr ie s m ere ly to m ain ta in h is p osit io n, n one d arin g to e xe rt tr u e lo ya lt y . T he e m pero r n eve r le arn s o f h is m is ta ke s a nd h ence g ro w s d aily m ore a rro gant, w hile h is u nderlin gs, p ro str a te w it h f e ar, fla tte r a nd d ece iv e h im in o rd er to c u rry fa vo r. ” Sim a Q ia n , Bio gra p hy o f t h e F ir s t E m pero r 6 T he E xecu tio n o f 4 60 S ch ola rs H e [th e E m pero r] th en o rd ere d th e im peria l s e cre ta ry to s u bje ct a ll th e s ch ola rs to in ve stig atio n. T he s ch ola rs r e porte d o n o ne a noth er in a n a tte m pt to e xo nera te th em se lv e s. O ve r 4 60 p ers o ns w ere c o nvic te d o f v io la tin g th e p ro hib it io ns, a nd w ere e xe cu te d a t X ia nya ng,w ord o f it b ein g p ublic iz e d th ro ughout th e e m pir e s o a s to a ct a s a w arn in g to la te r a ges. In a ddit io n, in cre asin g n um bers o f c o nvic ts w ere tr a nsp orte d to th e b ord er r e gio ns. Sim a Q ia n , Bio gra p hy o f t h e F ir s t E m pero r 7 T he F ir s t E m pero r’s T re atm en t o f h is P eo ple T he F ir s t E m pero r tr u ste d h is o w n ju dgm ent, n eve r c o nsu lt in g o th ers , a nd h ence h is e rro rs w ent u nco rre cte d. T he S eco nd E m pero r c a rrie d o n in th e s a m e m anner, n eve r r e fo rm in g, c o m poundin g h is m is fo rtu ne th ro ugh v io le nce a nd c ru elt y . . . A t th at tim e th e w orld w as n ot w it h out m en o f d eep in sig ht a nd a n u nders ta ndin g o f c h ange. T he r e aso n th ey d id n ot d are e xe rt th eir lo ya lt y a nd c o rre ct th e e rro rs o f th e r u le r w as th at Q in ‘s c u sto m s fo rb ade th e m entio nin g o f i n ausp ic io us m atte rs . B efo re th eir w ord s o f lo ya l a dvic e w ere e ve n o ut o f th eir m outh s, th ey w ould h ave b een c o ndem ned to e xe cu tio n. T his in su re d th at th e m en o f th e e m pir e w ould in clin e th eir e ars to lis te n, s ta nd in a n 4/6 a ttit u de o f s o le m n a tte ntio n, b ut c la m p th eir m outh s s h ut a nd n eve r s p eak o ut. T here fo re w hen th e th re e r u le rs s tr a ye d fr o m th e W ay, th e lo ya l m in is te rs d id n ot d are r e m onstr a te , a nd th e m en o f w is d om d id n ot d are o ffe r c o unse l. T he e m pir e w as a lr e ady in r e bellio n, b ut th e r u le r w as n eve r in fo rm ed o f th e v illa in y— how p it if u l! . . . In th e s o uth h e s e iz e d th e la nd o f th e h undre d tr ib es o f Y ue a nd m ade o f it G uilin a nd X ia ng p ro vin ce s, a nd th e l o rd s o f th e h undre d Y ue b ow ed th eir h eads, h ung h alt e rs fr o m th eir n ecks, a nd p le aded fo r th eir liv e s w it h th e l o w est o ffic ia ls o f Q in . T hen h e s e nt M eng T ia n n orth to b uild th e G re at W all a nd d efe nd th e b ord ers , d riv in g b ack th e X io ngnu o ve r 2 30 m ile s , so th at th e b arb aria ns n o lo nger v e ntu re d to c o m e s o uth to p astu re th eir h ors e s a nd th eir m en d are d n ot ta ke u p th eir b ow s to v e nt th eir h atr e d. T here upon h e d is ca rd ed th e w ays o f th e fo rm er k in gs a nd b urn ed th e b ooks o f th e h undre d s ch ools o f p hilo so phy in o rd er to m ake th e b la ck-h eaded p eople ig nora nt. H e d estr o ye d th e w alls o f th e g re at c it ie s, p ut to d eath th e p ow erfu l l e aders , a nd c o lle cte d a ll th e a rm s o f th e e m pir e , w hic h h e h ad b ro ught to h is c a pit a l a t X ia nya ng, w here th e s p ears a nd a rro w heads w ere m elt e d d ow n a nd c a st to m ake tw elv e h um an s ta tu es. A ll th is h e d id in o rd er to w eake n th e b la ck-h eaded p eople . Sim a Q ia n : Li J ia n ’s C om men ta ry 8 T he F ir s t E m pero r’s R ule T hen Q in fa ce d s o uth to c a ll it s e lf r u le r o f th e e m pir e , w hic h m eant th at th e w orld n ow h ad a S on o f H eave n to h ead i t . T he m asse s h oped th at th ey w ould b e g ra nte d th e p eace a nd s e cu rit y to liv e o ut th eir liv e s, a nd th ere w as n ot o ne o f th em w ho d id n ot s e t a sid e s e lf is h th oughts a nd lo ok u p to th e s o ve re ig n in r e ve re nce . T his w as th e m om ent fo r d em onstr a tin g a uth orit y a nd p ro vin g o ne’s m erit a s a r u le r, la yin g th e fo undatio n fo r la stin g p eace in th e e m pir e . B ut th e F ir s t E m pero r w as g re edy a nd s h ort- s ig hte d, c o nfid ent in h is o w n w is d om , n eve r tr u stin g h is m erit o rio us o ffic ia ls , n eve r g ettin g to k n ow h is p eople . H e c a st a sid e th e k in gly W ay a nd r e lie d o n p riv a te p ro ce dure s, o utla w in g b ooks a nd w rit in gs, m akin g th e la w s a nd p enalt ie s m uch h ars h er, p uttin g d ece it a nd fo rc e fo re m ost a nd h um anit y a nd r ig hte ousn ess la st, le adin g th e w hole w orld in v io le nce a nd c ru elt y . In a nnexin g th e la nds o f o th ers , o ne m ay p la ce p rio rit y o n d ece it a nd fo rc e , b ut in su rin g p eace a nd s ta bilit y in th e la nds o ne h as a nnexe d c a lls fo r a r e sp ect f o r a uth orit y . H ence I s a y th at s e iz in g, a nd g uard in g w hat y o u h ave s e iz e d, d o n ot d epend u pon th e s a m e t e ch niq ues. Q in p ut a n e nd to th e W arrin g S ta te s p erio d a nd m ade it s e lf r u le r o f th e e m pir e , b ut it d id n ot c h ange it s w ays o r r e fo rm it s s yste m o f g ove rn m ent, w hic h s h ow s th at th e m eans e m plo ye d to s e iz e a n e m pir e d if fe r fr o m th ose n eeded to g uard it . Q in tr ie d to g uard it a lo ne a nd s in gle -h anded, a nd th ere fo re it s d ow nfa ll w as m ere ly a m atte r o f t im e. Sim a Q ia n : Li J ia n ’s C om men ta ry S ourc e R eco rd s o f th e G ra nd H is to ria n: Q uin D yn asty , b y S im a Q ia n, tr a nsla te d b y B urto n W ats o n. R ese arc h C ente r fo r 5/6 T ra nsla tio n, T he C hin ese U niv e rs it y o f H ong K ong a nd C olu m bia U niv e rs it y P re ss, 1 993. © 1 993 T he C hin ese U niv e rs it y o f H ong K ong. 6/6
Short essay from Introduce to phycology
A ncie n t H is to ry S ourc eb ook: Thucyd id es: O n T he E arly H is to ry o f t h e H elle n es ( w rit te n c . 3 95 B CE) le g acy.f o rd ham .e d u /H als a ll/ a ncie nt/th uc-h elle nes.a sp The c o untr y w hic h is n ow c a lle d H ella s w as n ot r e gula rly s e ttle d in a ncie nt tim es. T he people were m ig ra to ry , a nd r e adily le ft th eir h om es w heneve r th ey w ere o ve rp ow ere d b y num bers . There w as n o c o m merc e , a nd th ey c o uld n ot s a fe ly h old in te rc o urs e w it h o ne anoth er e it h er b y la nd o r s e a. T he s e ve ra l tr ib es c u lt iv a te d th eir o w n s o il ju st e nough to obta in a m ain te nance fr o m it . B ut th ey h ad n o a ccu m ula tio n o f w ealt h , a nd d id n ot p la nt th e g ro und; fo r, b ein g w it h out walls , th ey w ere n eve r s u re th at a n in va ded m ig ht n ot c o m e and d esp oil th em . L iv in g in th is manner a nd k n ow in g th at th ey c o uld a nyw here o bta in a b are su bsis te nce , th ey w ere a lw ays re ady to m ig ra te ; s o th at th ey h ad n eit h er g re at c it ie s n or any c o nsid era ble r e so urc e s. T he ric h est d is tr ic ts w ere m ost c o nsta ntly c h angin g th eir in habit a nts ; fo r e xa m ple , th e c o untr ie s whic h a re n ow c a lle d T hessa ly a nd B oeotia , th e gre ate r p art o f th e P elo ponnesu s w it h th e exce ptio n o f A rc a dia , a nd a ll th e b est p arts o f Hella s. F or th e p ro ductiv e ness o f th e la nd in cre ase d th e p ow er o f in div id uals ; th is in tu rn w as a s o urc e o f q uarre ls b y w hic h c o m munit ie s were r u in ed, w hile a t th e s a m e tim e th ey w ere m ore e xp ose d to a tta cks fr o m w it h out. C erta in ly Attic a , o f w hic h th e s o il w as poor a nd th in , e njo ye d a lo ng fr e edom fr o m c iv il s tr if e , a nd th ere fo re r e ta in ed it s orig in al in habit a nts [th e P ela sg ia ns]. The fe eble ness o f a ntiq uit y is fu rth er p ro ve d to m e b y th e c ir c u m sta nce th at th ere appears to have b een n o c o m mon a ctio n in H ella s b efo re th e T ro ja n W ar. A nd I a m in clin ed to th in k th at th e v e ry n am e w as n ot a s y e t g iv e n to th e w hole c o untr y , a nd in fa ct d id n ot exis t a t a ll b efo re th e tim e o f H elle n, th e s o n o f D euca lio n; th e d if fe re nt tr ib es, o f whic h th e P ela sg ia n w as th e most w id ely s p re ad, g ave th eir o w n n am es to d if fe re nt dis tr ic ts . B ut w hen H elle n a nd h is s o ns beca m e p ow erfu l in P hth io tis , th eir a id w as in vo ke d b y o th er c it ie s, a nd th ose w ho a sso cia te d wit h th em g ra dually b egan to b e c a lle d Helle nes , th ough a lo ng tim e e la pse d b efo re th e n am e was p re va le nt o ve r th e w hole c o untr y . O f th is , Hom er a ffo rd s th e b est e vid ence ; fo r h e, alt h ough h e liv e d lo ng a fte r th e T ro ja n W ar, now here u se s th is n am e c o lle ctiv e ly , b ut c o nfin es it to th e fo llo w ers o f A ch ille s fr o m Phth io tis , w ho w ere th e o rig in al H elle nes; w hen s p eakin g o f th e e ntir e h ost, h e c a lls th em Danäans, o r A rg iv e s, o r A ch aeans. And th e fir s t p ers o n k n ow n to u s b y tr a dit io n a s h avin g e sta blis h ed a n avy is M in os. H e made him se lf m aste r o f w hat is n ow c a lle d th e A egean s e a, a nd r u le d o ve r th e C ycla des, in to m ost o f whic h h e s e nt th e fir s t c o lo nie s, e xp ellin g th e C aria ns a nd a ppoin tin g h is ow n s o ns g ove rn ors ; and th us d id h is b est to p ut d ow n p ir a cy in th ose w ate rs , a n ece ssa ry ste p to s e cu re th e re ve nues fo r h is o w n u se . F or in e arly tim es th e H elle nes a nd th e barb aria ns o f th e c o ast a nd is la nds, a s c o m munic a tio n b y s e a b eca m e m ore c o m mon, w ere te m pte d to tu rn p ir a te s, u nder th e c o nduct o f th eir m ost p ow erfu l m en; th e m otiv e s b ein g to s e rv e th eir o w n c u pid it y a nd to su pport th e n eedy. T hey w ould fa ll u pon th e u nw alle d and s tr a gglin g to w ns, o r r a th er v illa ges, whic h th ey p lu ndere d, a nd m ain ta in ed th em se lv e s by th e p lu nder o f th em ; fo r, a s y e t, s u ch a n occu patio n w as h eld to b e h onora lb e a nd n ot dis g ra ce fu l. . . .T he la nd, to o, w as in fe ste d b y ro bbers ; a nd th ere a re p arts o f H ella s in whic h th e o ld p ra ctic e s c o ntin ue, a s fo r e xa m ple am ong th e O zo lia n L ocria ns, A eto lia ns, Aca rn ania ns, a nd th e a dja ce nt r e gio ns o f th e co ntin ent. T he fa sh io n o f w earin g a rm s a m ong th ese c o ntin enta l tr ib es is a r e lic o f th eir o ld pre dato ry h abit s . 1/3 For in a ncie nt tim es a ll H elle nes c a rrie d w eapons b eca use th eir h om es w ere u ndefe nded and in te rc o urs e w as u nsa fe ; lik e th e b arb aria ns th ey w ent a rm ed in th eir e ve ry d ay lif e . . . T he Ath enia ns w ere th e fir s t w ho la id a sid e a rm s a nd a dopte d a n e asie r a nd m ore lu xu rio us w ay o f lif e . Q uit e r e ce ntly th e o ld -fa sh io ned r e fin em ent o f d re ss s till lin gere d am ong th e e ld er m en o f th eir r ic h er c la ss, w ho w ore u nderg arm ents o f lin en, a nd b ound b ack th eir h air in a k n ot w it h gold en c la sp s in th e fo rm o f g ra ssh oppers ; a nd th e s a m e c u sto m s lo ng s u rv iv e d a m ong th e eld ers o f Io nia , h avin g b een d eriv e d fr o m th eir A th enia n ance sto rs . O n th e o th er h and, th e sim ple d re ss w hic h is n ow c o m mon w as fir s t w orn a t Sparta ; a nd th ere , m ore th an a nyw here els e , th e lif e o f th e r ic h w as a ssim ila te d to th at of th e p eople . Wit h r e sp ect to th eir to w ns, la te r o n, a t a n e ra o f in cre ase d fa cilit ie s o f n avig atio n and a g re ate r su pply o f c a pit a l, w e fin d th e s h ore s b eco m in g th e s it e o f w alle d to w ns, a nd th e is th m use s bein g o ccu pie d fo r th e p urp ose s o f c o m merc e a nd d efe nse a gain st a n eig hbor. But th e o ld to w ns, o n a cco unt o f th e g re at p re va le nce o f p ir a cy, w ere b uilt a w ay fr o m th e se a, w heth er o n th e is la nds o r th e c o ntin ent, a nd s till r e m ain in th eir o ld s it e s. B ut a s so on a s M in os h ad fo rm ed his n avy, c o m munic a tio n b y s e a b eca m e e asie r, a s h e c o lo niz e d most o f th e is la nds, a nd th us exp elle d th e m ale fa cto rs . T he c o ast p opula tio n n ow b egan to apply th em se lv e s m ore c lo se ly to th e a cq uis it io n o f w ealt h , a nd th eir lif e b eca m e m ore se ttle d; s o m e e ve n b egan to b uild th em se lv e s w alls o n th e s tr e ngth o f th eir n ew ly a cq uir e d ric h es. A nd it w as a t a s o m ew hat la te r s ta ge o f th is d eve lo pm ent th at th ey w ent o n th e exp edit io n a gain st T ro y. What e nable d A gam em non to r a is e th e a rm am ent w as m ore , in m y o pin io n, h is s u perio rit y in str e ngth , th an th e o ath s o f T yn dare us, w hic h b ound th e s u it o rs to fo llo w h im . In deed, th e acco unt g iv e n b y th ose P elo ponnesia ns w ho h ave b een th e r e cip ie nts o f th e m ost cre dib le tr a dit io n is th is . F ir s t o f a ll P elo ps, a rriv in g a m ong a n eedy p opula tio n fr o m Asia w it h v a st wealt h , a cq uir e d s u ch p ow er th at, s tr a nger th ough h e w as, th e c o untr y w as ca lle d a fte r h im ; and th is p ow er fo rtu ne s a w fit m ate ria lly to in cre ase in th e h ands o f his d esce ndants . Eury sth eus h ad b een k ille d in A ttic a b y th e H era clid s. A tr e us w as h is moth er’s b ro th er; a nd to th e h ands o f h is r e la tio n, w ho h ad le ft h is fa th er o n a cco unt o f th e d eath o f C hry sip pus, Eury sth eus, w hen h e s e t o ut o n h is e xp edit io n, h ad c o m mit te d Myce nae a nd th e g ove rn m ent. As tim e w ent o n a nd E ury sth eus d id n ot r e tu rn , A tr e us c o m plie d wit h th e w is h es o f th e Myce naeans, w ho w ere in flu ence d b y fe ar o f th e H era clid s—b esid es, his p ow er s e em ed co nsid era ble , a nd h e h ad n ot n egle cte d to c o urt th e fa vo r o f th e popula ce —a nd a ssu m ed th e sce pte r o f M yce nae a nd th e r e st o f th e d om in io ns o f E ury sth eus. And s o th e p ow er o f th e desce ndants o f P elo ps c a m e to b e g re ate r th an th at o f th e desce ndants o f P ers e us. To a ll th is A gam em non s u cce eded. H e h ad a ls o a n avy fa r s tr o nger th an h is co nte m pora rie s, so th at, in m y o pin io n, fe ar w as q uit e a s s tr o ng a n e le m ent a s lo ve in th e fo rm atio n o f th e co nfe dera te e xp edit io n. T he s tr e ngth o f h is n avy is s h ow n b y th e fa ct th at h is o w n w as th e la rg est c o ntin gent, a nd th at o f th e A rc a dia ns w as fu rn is h ed b y h im ; th is a t le ast is w hat H om er sa ys, if h is te stim ony is d eem ed s u ffic ie nt. N ow A gam em non’s was a c o ntin enta l p ow er; a nd he c o uld n ot h ave b een m aste r o f a ny e xce pt th e a dja ce nt is la nds ( a nd th ese w ould n ot b e many), b ut th ro ugh th e p osse ssio n o f a fle et. A nd fr o m th is e xp edit io n w e m ay in fe r th e ch ara cte r o f e arlie r e nte rp ris e s. H om er h as r e pre se nte d it a s c o nsis tin g o f tw elv e h undre d ve sse ls ; th e B oeotia n c o m ple m ent o f e ach s h ip b ein g a hundre d a nd tw enty m en, th at o f th e sh ip s o f P hilo cte te s fif ty . T hat th ey w ere a ll r o w ers as w ell a s w arrio rs w e s e e fr o m h is a cco unt of th e s h ip s o f P hilo cte te s, in w hic h a ll th e men a t th e o ar a re b ow m en. . . Eve n a fte r th e T ro ja n W ar, H ella s w as s till e ngaged in r e m ovin g a nd s e ttlin g, a nd th us co uld not a tta in to th e q uie t w hic h m ust p re ce de g ro w th . T he la te r e tu rn o f th e H elle nes fr o m Iliu m ca use d m any r e vo lu tio ns, a nd fa ctio ns e nsu ed a lm ost e ve ry w here ; a nd it w as th e cit iz e ns th us driv e n in to e xile w ho fo unded th e c it ie s. S ix ty y e ars a fte r th e c a ptu re o f Iliu m , th e m odern Boeotia ns w ere d riv e n o ut o f A rn e b y th e T hessa lia ns, a nd s e ttle d in th e pre se nt B oeotia , th e fo rm er C adm eis ; th ough th ere w as a d iv is io n o f th em th ere b efo re , so m e o f w hom jo in ed th e exp edit io n to Iliu m . T w enty y e ars la te r, th e D oria ns a nd th e Hera clid s b eca m e m aste rs o f Pelo ponnese ; s o th at m uch h ad to b e d one a nd m any y e ars h ad to ela pse b efo re H ella s c o uld atta in to a d ura ble tr a nquillit y u ndis tu rb ed b y r e m ova ls , a nd co uld b egin to s e nd o ut c o lo nie s, as A th ens d id to Io nia a nd m ost o f th e is la nds, a nd th e Pelo ponnesia ns to m ost o f Ita ly a nd Sic ily a nd s o m e p la ce s in th e r e st o f H ella s. A ll th ese p la ce s w ere fo unded s u bse quently to th e war w it h T ro y. 2/3 But a s th e p ow er o f H ella s g re w , a nd th e a cq uis it io n o f w ealt h b eca m e m ore a n o bje ct, th e re ve nues o f th e s ta te s in cre asin g, ty ra nnie s w ere b y th eir m eans e sta blis h ed a lm ost eve ry w here —th e o ld fo rm o f g ove rn m ent b ein g h ere dit a ry m onarc h y w it h d efin it e pre ro gativ e s—a nd H ella s b egan to fit o ut fle ets a nd a pply h ers e lf m ore c lo se ly to th e se a. It is sa id th at th e C orin th ia ns w ere th e fir s t to a ppro ach th e m odern s ty le o f n ava l arc h it e ctu re , a nd th at C orin th w as th e fir s t p la ce in H ella s w here g alle ys w ere built ….T hey w ere th e m eans b y whic h th e is la nds w ere r e ach ed a nd r e duce d, th ose o f th e sm alle st a re a fa llin g th e e asie st pre y. W ars b y la nd th ere w ere n one, n one a t le ast b y whic h p ow er w as a cq uir e d; w e h ave th e usu al b ord er c o nte sts , b ut o f d is ta nt e xp edit io ns wit h c o nquest fo r o bje ct w e h ear n oth in g am ong th e H elle nes. T here w as n o u nio n o f s u bje ct cit ie s r o und a g re at s ta te , n o s p onta neous co m bin atio n o f e quals fo r c o nfe dera te exp edit io ns; w hat fig htin g th ere w as c o nsis te d m ere ly o f lo ca l w arfa re b etw een r iv a l neig hbors ….V ario us, to o, w ere th e o bsta cle s w hic h th e n atio nal gro w th e nco unte re d in va rio us lo ca lit ie s. T he p ow er o f th e Io nia ns w as a dva ncin g w it h r a pid str id es, w hen it ca m e in to c o llis io n w it h P ers ia , u nder K in g C yru s, w ho, a fte r h avin g d eth ro ned Cro esu s o f Lyd ia a nd o ve rru n e ve ry th in g b etw een th e H aly s a nd th e s e a, s to pped n ot till h e had re duce d th e c it ie s o f th e c o ast; th e is la nds b ein g o nly le ft to b e s u bdued b y D ariu s a nd th e Phoenic ia n n avy. Sourc e : Fro m :T hucyd id es, The H is to ry o f th e P elo ponnesia n W ar , Benja m in J o w ett, tr a ns., ( N ew Y ork : Dutto ns, 1 884), p p. 1 1 -2 3, S ectio ns 1 .2 -1 7. Sca nned b y: J . S . A rk e nberg , D ept. o f H is to ry , C al. S ta te F ulle rto n. P ro f. A rk e nberg has modern iz e d th e te xt. This te xt is p art o f th e In te rn et Ancie nt H is to ry S ourc e book . T he S ourc e book is a c o lle ctio n o f public d om ain a nd co py-p erm it te d te xts r e la te d to m edie va l a nd B yza ntin e h is to ry . Unle ss o th erw is e in dic a te d th e s p ecif ic e le ctr o nic fo rm o f th e d ocu m ent is c o pyrig ht. Perm is sio n is g ra nte d fo r e le ctr o nic c o pyin g, d is tr ib utio n in p rin t fo rm fo r e duca tio nal purp ose s and p ers o nal u se . N o r e pre se nta tio n is m ade a bout te xts w hic h a re lin ke d off- s it e , a lt h ough in most c a se s th ese a re a ls o p ublic d om ain . If y o u d o r e duplic a te th e docu m ent, in dic a te th e so urc e . N o p erm is sio n is g ra nte d fo r c o m merc ia l u se . © P aul H als a ll, A ugust 1 998 hals a [email protected] murra y.fo rd ham .e du 3/3
Short essay from Introduce to phycology
H ero dotu s: M ara th on th en ag ain .in fo /C la sse s/S ourc e s/H ero dotu s-M ara th on.h tm l Hero dotu s ( 4 84-4 25 B C ) is c o nsid ere d b y m any to b e th e fo under o f h is to ry a s philo so phic a l d is cip lin e. In th is e xce rp t fr o m h is g re ate st w ork , th e P ers ia n W ars , h e describ es th e c ru cia l b attle o f M ara th on b etw een th e G re eks a nd th e P ers ia ns. Chro nolo gie s Pers ia n Wars T he b arb aria ns w ere c o nducte d to M ara th on b y H ip pia s, th e s o n o f P is is tr a tu s, w ho th e n ig ht b efo re h ad s e en a s tr a nge v is io n in h is s le ep. H e d re am t o f ly in g in h is m oth er’s a rm s, a nd c o nje ctu re d th e d re am to m ean th at h e w ould b e r e sto re d to A th ens, r e co ve r th e p ow er w hic h h e h ad lo st, a nd a fte rw ard s liv e to a g ood o ld a ge in h is n ativ e c o untr y . S uch w as th e s e nse in w hic h h e in te rp re te d th e v is io n. H e n ow p ro ce eded to a ct a s g uid e to th e P ers ia ns, a nd, in th e fir s t p la ce , h e la nded th e p ris o ners ta ke n fr o m E re tr ia u pon th e is la nd th at is c a lle d A egile ia , a tr a ct b elo ngin g to th e S ty re ans, a fte r w hic h h e b ro ught th e fle et to a nch or o ff M ara th on a nd m ars h alle d th e b ands o f th e b arb aria ns a s th ey d is e m bark e d. A s h e w as th us e m plo ye d, it c h ance d th at h e s n eeze d a nd a t th e s a m e tim e c o ughed w it h m ore v io le nce th an w as h is w ont. N ow , a s h e w as a m an a dva nce d in y e ars , a nd th e g re ate r n um ber o f h is te eth w ere lo ose , it s o h appened th at o ne o f th em w as d riv e n o ut w it h th e fo rc e o f th e c o ugh, a nd fe ll d ow n i n to th e s a nd. H ip pia s to ok a ll th e p ain s h e c o uld to fin d it , b ut th e to oth w as n ow here to b e s e en, w here upon h e f e tc h ed a d eep s ig h, a nd s a id to th e b ysta nders ,1 ” A fte r a ll, th e la nd is n ot o urs , a nd w e s h all n eve r b e a ble to b rin g i t u nder. A ll m y s h are in it is th e p ortio n o f w hic h m y to oth h as p osse ssio n.” S o H ip pia s b elie ve d th at in th is w ay h is d re am w as fu lf ille d. T he A th enia ns w ere d ra w n u p in o rd er o f b attle in a s a cre d c lo se b elo ngin g to H erc u le s w hen th ey w ere jo in ed b y t h e P la ta eans, w ho c a m e in fu ll fo rc e to th eir a id . S om e tim e b efo re , th e P la ta eans h ad p ut th em se lv e s u nder th e r u le o f th e A th enia ns, a nd th ese la st h ad a lr e ady u nderta ke n m any la bours o n th eir b ehalf . T he o cca sio n o f th e s u rre nder w as th e fo llo w in g. T he P la ta eans s u ffe re d g rie vo us th in gs a t th e h ands o f th e m en o f T hebes; s o , a s it c h ance d th at C le om enes, th e s o n o f A naxa ndrid as, a nd th e L ace daem onia ns w ere in th eir n eig hbourh ood, th ey fir s t o f a ll o ffe re d to s u rre nder th em se lv e s to th em . B ut th e L ace daem onia ns r e fu se d to r e ce iv e th em , a nd s a id , ” W e d w ell to o fa r o ff fr o m y o u, a nd o urs w ould b e b ut c h ill s u cco ur. Y e m ig ht o fte ntim es b e c a rrie d in to s la ve ry b efo re o ne o f u s h eard o f it . W e c o unse l y o u r a th er to g iv e y o urs e lv e s u p to th e A th enia ns, w ho a re y o ur n ext n eig hbours , a nd w ell a ble to s h elt e r y o u.” T his th ey s a id , n ot s o m uch o ut o f g ood w ill to w ard s th e P la ta eans a s b eca use th ey w is h ed to in vo lv e th e A th enia ns i n tr o uble b y e ngagin g th em in w ars w it h th e B oeotia ns. T he P la ta eans, h ow eve r, w hen th e L ace daem onia ns g ave t h em th is c o unse l, c o m plie d a t o nce , a nd w hen th e s a crif ic e to th e T w elv e G ods w as b ein g o ffe re d a t A th ens, th ey c a m e a nd s a t a s s u pplia nts a bout th e a lt a r a nd g ave th em se lv e s u p to th e A th enia ns. T he T hebans n o s o oner le arn t w hat th e P la ta eans h ad d one th an in sta ntly th ey m arc h ed o ut a gain st th em , w hile th e A th enia ns s e nt tr o ops to th eir a id . A s th e tw o a rm ie s w ere a bout to jo in b attle , th e C orin th ia ns, w ho c h ance d to b e a t h and, w ould n ot a llo w th em to e ngage; b oth s id es c o nse nte d to ta ke th em fo r a rb it r a to rs , w here upon th ey m ade u p th e q uarre l, a nd fix e d th e b oundary -lin e b etw een th e tw o s ta te s u pon th is c o ndit io n: to w it , th at if a ny o f th e B oeotia ns w is h ed n o lo nger to b elo ng to B oeotia , th e T hebans s h ould a llo w th em to fo llo w th eir o w n in clin atio ns. T he C orin th ia ns, w hen th ey h ad t h us d ecre ed, fo rth w it h d eparte d to th eir h om es. T he A th enia ns lik e w is e s e t o ff o n th eir r e tu rn ; b ut th e B oeotia ns fe ll u pon th em d urin g th e m arc h , a nd a b attle w as fo ught w here in th ey w ere w ors te d b y th e A th enia ns. H ere upon th ese l a st w ould n ot b e b ound b y th e lin e w hic h th e C orin th ia ns h ad fix e d, b ut a dva nce d b eyo nd th ose lim it s a nd m ade th e A so pus th e b oundary -lin e b etw een th e c o untr y o f th e T hebans a nd th at o f th e P la ta eans a nd H ysia ns. U nder s u ch c ir c u m sta nce s d id th e P la ta eans g iv e th em se lv e s u p to A th ens, a nd n ow th ey w ere c o m e to M ara th on to b ear th e 1/3 A th enia ns a id . T he A th enia n g enera ls w ere d iv id ed in th eir o pin io ns, a nd s o m e a dvis e d n ot to r is k a b attle , b eca use th ey w ere to o f e w to e ngage s u ch a h ost a s th at o f th e M edes, w hile o th ers w ere fo r fig htin g a t o nce , a nd a m ong th ese la st w as M ilt ia des. H e th ere fo re , s e ein g th at o pin io ns w ere th us d iv id ed, a nd th at th e le ss w orth y c o unse l a ppeare d lik e ly to p re va il, r e so lv e d to g o to th e P ole m arc h , a nd h ave a c o nfe re nce w it h h im . F or th e m an o n w hom th e lo t fe ll to b e P ole m arc h a t A th ens w as e ntit le d to g iv e h is v o te w it h th e te n g enera ls , s in ce a ncie ntly th e A th enia ns a llo w ed h im a n e qual r ig ht o f v o tin g w it h th em . T he P ole m arc h a t th is ju nctu re w as C allim ach us o f A phid nae; to h im th ere fo re M ilt ia des w ent, a nd s a id : ” W it h th ee it r e sts C allim ach us, e it h er to b rin g A th ens to s la ve ry , o r, b y s e cu rin g h er fr e edom , to le ave b ehin d th ee to a ll fu tu re g enera tio ns a m em ory b eyo nd e ve n H arm odiu s a nd A ris to geit o n. F or n eve r s in ce th e tim e th at th e A th enia ns b eca m e a p eople w ere th ey in s o g re at a d anger a s n ow . If th ey b ow th eir n ecks b eneath th e y o ke o f th e M edes, th e w oes w hic h th ey w ill h ave to s u ffe r w hen g iv e n in to th e p ow er o f H ip pia s a re a lr e ady d ete rm in ed o n. If, o n th e o th er h and, th ey fig ht a nd o ve rc o m e, A th ens m ay r is e to b e th e v e ry fir s t c it y in G re ece . H ow it c o m es to p ass t h at th ese th in gs a re lik e ly to h appen, a nd h ow th e d ete rm in in g o f th em in s o m e s o rt r e sts w it h th ee, I w ill n ow p ro ce ed to m ake c le ar. W e g enera ls a re te n in n um ber, a nd o ur v o te s a re d iv id ed; h alf o f u s w is h to e ngage, h alf to a vo id a c o m bat. N ow , if w e d o n ot fig ht, I lo ok to s e e a g re at d is tu rb ance a t A th ens w hic h w ill s h ake m en’s r e so lu tio ns, a nd th en I fe ar th ey w ill s u bm it th em se lv e s, b ut if w e fig ht th e b attle b efo re a ny u nso undness s h ow it s e lf a m ong o ur c it iz e ns, le t th e g ods b ut g iv e u s fa ir p la y, a nd w e a re w ell a ble to o ve rc o m e th e e nem y. O n th ee t h ere fo re w e d epend in th is m atte r, w hic h lie s w holly in th in e o w n p ow er. T hou h ast o nly to a dd th y v o te to m y s id e a nd th y c o untr y w ill b e fr e e, a nd n ot fr e e o nly , b ut th e fir s t s ta te in G re ece . O r, if th ou p re fe rre st to g iv e th y v o te to t h em w ho w ould d eclin e th e c o m bat, th en th e r e ve rs e w ill fo llo w .” M ilt ia des b y th ese w ord s g ain ed C allim ach us; a nd th e a ddit io n o f th e P ole m arc h ‘s v o te c a use d th e d ecis io n to b e in f a vo r o f fig htin g. H ere upon a ll th ose g enera ls w ho h ad b een d esir o us o f h aza rd in g a b attle , w hen th eir tu rn c a m e to c o m mand th e a rm y, g ave u p th eir r ig ht to M ilt ia des. H e h ow eve r, th ough h e a cce pte d th eir o ffe rs , n eve rth ele ss w ait e d, a nd w ould n ot fig ht u ntil h is o w n d ay o f c o m mand a rriv e d in d ue c o urs e . T hen a t le ngth , w hen h is o w n tu rn w as c o m e, th e A th enia n b attle w as s e t in a rra y, a nd th is w as th e o rd er o f it . C allim ach us th e P ole m arc h le d th e r ig ht w in g, fo r it w as a t th at tim e a r u le w it h th e A th enia ns to g iv e th e r ig ht w in g to th e P ole m arc h . A fte r th is fo llo w ed th e t r ib es, a cco rd in g a s th ey w ere n um bere d, in a n u nbro ke n lin e; w hile la st o f a ll c a m e th e P la ta eans, fo rm in g th e le ft w in g. A nd e ve r s in ce th at d ay it h as b een a c u sto m w it h th e A th enia ns, in th e s a crif ic e s a nd a sse m blie s h eld e ach f if th y e ar a t A th ens, fo r th e A th enia n h era ld to im plo re th e b le ssin g o f th e g ods o n th e P la ta eans c o njo in tly w it h th e A th enia ns. N ow , a s th ey m ars h alle d th e h ost u pon th e fie ld o f M ara th on, in o rd er th at th e A th enia n fr o nt m ig ht h e o f e qual le ngth w it h th e M edia n, th e r a nks o f th e c e ntr e w ere d im in is h ed, a nd it b eca m e th e w eake st p art o f th e lin e, w hile th e w in gs w ere b oth m ade s tr o ng w it h a d epth o f m any r a nks. S o w hen th e b attle w as s e t in a rra y, a nd th e v ic tim s s h ow ed th em se lv e s fa vo ura ble , in sta ntly th e A th enia ns, s o s o on a s th ey w ere le t g o, c h arg ed th e b arb aria ns a t a . N ow th e d is ta nce b etw een th e tw o a rm ie s w as lit tle s h ort o f e ig ht f u rlo ngs. T he P ers ia ns, th ere fo re , w hen th ey s a w th e G re eks c o m in g o n a t s p eed, m ade r e ady to r e ce iv e th em , a lt h ough it s e em ed to th em th at th e A th enia ns w ere b ere ft o f th eir s e nse s, a nd b ent u pon th eir o w n d estr u ctio n; fo r t h ey s a w a m ere h andfu l o f m en c o m in g o n a t a r u n w it h out e it h er h ors e m en o r a rc h ers . S uch w as th e o pin io n o f th e b arb aria ns, b ut th e A th enia ns in c lo se a rra y fe ll u pon th em , a nd fo ught in a m anner w orth y o f b ein g r e co rd ed. T hey w ere th e fir s t o f th e G re eks, s o fa r a s I k n ow , w ho in tr o duce d th e c u sto m o f c h arg in g th e e nem y a t a r u n, a nd th ey w ere lik e w is e th e fir s t w ho d are d to lo ok u pon th e M edia n g arb a nd to fa ce m en c la d in th at fa sh io n. U ntil th is tim e t h e v e ry n am e o f th e M edes h ad b een a te rro r to th e G re eks to h ear. T he tw o a rm ie s fo ught to geth er o n th e p la in o f M ara th on fo r a le ngth o f tim e, a nd in th e m id b attle , w here th e P ers ia ns th em se lv e s a nd th e S aca e h ad th eir p la ce , th e b arb aria ns w ere v ic to rio us a nd b ro ke a nd p urs u ed th e G re eks in to th e in ner c o untr y , b ut o n th e tw o w in gs th e A th enia ns a nd th e P la ta eans d efe ate d th e e nem y. H avin g s o d one, th ey s u ffe re d th e r o ute d b arb aria ns to fly a t th eir e ase , a nd jo in in g th e tw o w in gs in o ne, fe ll u pon th ose w ho 2/3 h ad b ro ke n th eir o w n c e ntr e , a nd fo ught a nd c o nquere d th em . T hese lik e w is e fle d, a nd n ow th e A th enia ns h ung u pon th e r u naw ays a nd c u t th em d ow n, c h asin g th em a ll th e w ay to th e s h ore , o n r e ach in g w hic h th ey la id h old o f t h e s h ip s a nd c a lle d a lo ud fo r fir e . I t w as in th e s tr u ggle h ere th at C allim ach us th e P ole m arc h , a fte r g re atly d is tin guis h in g h im se lf , lo st h is lif e ; S te sila us to o, th e s o n o f T hra sila us, o ne o f th e g enera ls , w as s la in ; a nd C yn aegir u s, th e s o n o f E uphorio n, h avin g s e iz e d o n a v e sse l o f th e e nem y’s b y th e o rn am ent a t th e s te rn , h ad h is h and c u t o ff b y th e b lo w o f a n a xe , a nd s o p eris h ed; a s lik e w is e d id m any o th er A th enia ns o f n ote a nd n am e. N eve rth ele ss, th e A th enia ns s e cu re d in th is w ay s e ve n o f th e v e sse ls ; w hile w it h th e r e m ain der th e b arb aria ns p ush ed o ff, a nd ta kin g a board th eir E re tr ia n p ris o ners fr o m th e is la nd w here th ey h ad le ft th em , d ouble d C ape S uniu m , h opin g to r e ach A th ens b efo re th e r e tu rn o f th e A th enia ns. T he A lc m aeonid ae w ere a ccu se d b y th eir c o untr y m en o f s u ggestin g th is c o urs e to th em ; th ey h ad, it w as s a id , a n u nders ta ndin g w it h th e P ers ia ns, a nd m ade a s ig nal to th em , b y r a is in g a s h ie ld , a fte r th ey w ere e m bark e d in th eir s h ip s. T he P ers ia ns a cco rd in gly s a ile d r o und S uniu m . B ut th e A th enia ns w it h a ll p ossib le s p eed m arc h ed a w ay to th e d efe nce o f th eir c it y , a nd s u cce eded in r e ach in g A th ens b efo re th e a ppeara nce o f th e b arb aria ns, a nd a s th eir c a m p a t M ara th on h ad b een p it c h ed in a p re cin ct o f H erc u le s, s o n ow th ey e nca m ped in a noth er p re cin ct o f th e s a m e g od a t C yn osa rg es. T he b arb aria n fle et a rriv e d, a nd la y to o ff P hale ru m , w hic h w as a t th at tim e th e h ave n o f A th ens; b ut a fte r r e stin g a w hile u pon th eir o ars , t h ey d eparte d a nd s a ile d a w ay to A sia . T here fe ll in th is b attle o f M ara th on, o n th e s id e o f th e b arb aria ns, a bout s ix th ousa nd a nd fo ur h undre d m en; o n th at o f th e A th enia ns, o ne h undre d a nd n in ety -tw o. S uch w as th e n um ber o f th e s la in o n th e o ne s id e a nd th e o th er. A s tr a nge p ro dig y lik e w is e h appened a t th is fig ht. E piz e lu s, th e s o n o f C uphagora s, a n A th enia n, w as in th e th ic k o f t h e fr a y, a nd b ehavin g h im se lf a s a b ra ve m an s h ould , w hen s u ddenly h e w as s tr ic ke n w it h b lin dness, w it h out b lo w o f s w ord o r d art; a nd th is b lin dness c o ntin ued th ence fo rth d urin g th e w hole o f h is a fte r lif e . T he fo llo w in g is th e a cco unt w hic h h e h im se lf , a s I h ave h eard , g ave o f th e m atte r: h e s a id th at a g ig antic w arrio r, w it h a h uge b eard , w hic h s h aded a ll h is s h ie ld , s to od o ve r a gain st h im , b ut th e g hostly s e m bla nce p asse d h im b y, a nd s le w th e m an a t h is s id e. S uch , a s I u nders ta nd, w as th e ta le w hic h E piz e lu s to ld . Fro m : The H is to rie s o f H ero dotu s tr a nsla te d b y G eorg e R aw lin so n. O rig in al e le ctr o nic v e rs io n fr o m th e In te rn et C la ssic s A rc h iv e , m odif ie d fo r c la ssro om u se . C opyrig ht 2 005-2 016 b y T henA gain All r ig hts r e se rv e d. 3/3